Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary the first section gives an overview of underg round. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1. Pdf konkola copper mines kcm is an integrated mining. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf. Variations of this method include vein alimak mining, transverse stoping, avoca and longitudinal mining. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. This course refers to the generic mining method of sublevel stoping. Capsula sub level stoping mem nube minera duration. This method owes the first part of its name to the fact that work is carried out on many intermediate levels that is, sublevels between the main levels. Sublevel stoping recover s the ore from open stopes separated by access drifts each connected to a ramp. Sublevel stoping mining method black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stoping underground mining methods 1. The ore body should be fairly regular in shape and welldefined. It is the first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, presenting topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience.
The method of underhand stoping in which the ore is drawn to the level above b, fig. The method involves extracting the ore between the sublevels. This volume from crc press is published next month. Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses. Jumbos selectively drill holes into the roof of the drift and fill them with explosives. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Sublevel stoping version 2 australia mining consultants. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. The underhand sublevel open stoping method comprises the following steps. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping name author. The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to then bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying said methodology to an actual design example.
The operation includes long hole drilling and blasting from the drives. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary the first section gives an overview of underg round mining methods and practices as used. Sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. Stoping is the process of extracting the desired ore or other mineral from an underground mine, leaving behind an open space known as a stope. Physical work is reduced and it is easier to motivate the workforce. The orebody is divided into sections about 100 m h igh and further divided laterally into. Stoping sources are likely to be scheduled from a number of locations and extraction methods.
Before mining begins, an ore pass is usually drilled from a lower to a higher elevation. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. Soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such as salt, coal. In most underground mines, a number of sources in various stages of development, production and filling are being extracted at anyone time. As far as quantity is concerned, sublevel caving is now the most important method with about 25 million tonnes per annum out of which kiruna alone. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs advantages of this mining method it allows for a low safety and health risk as well as improved working environment. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping pdf ebook php. Mining continues upwards towards the sur face until the orebody is depleted. Cn105822307a underhand sublevel open stoping method. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience.
The implications of design to the recovery of the sublevel cave stopes, with the greater sublevel intervals, is described in this thesis. It is a versatile and productive method that is primarily used for large orebodies with a steep dip, regular shape and defined ore boundaries. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. Harraz presentation sublevel stoping 3 conditions for application of the deposit.
However, labor is costly, and manual mining tech niques are inefficient. In cases where fill is not used, the main concern is the sequencing of the stopes such. Bigholeopen stopinguses longer blast holes with larger diameter of 140165 mm. The most commonly used sublevel stoping mining methods are sublevel open stoping, longhole open stoping or blasthole stoping, and vertical crater retreat vcr. Longwall longwall in coal longwall in hard rock sublevel caving characteristics of the ore body and mining method development production equipments used block caving introduction historical evolution of the method condition deposit principles of the method methodology of block caving basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method.
Pdf design and dimensioning of sublevel stoping for extraction of. Practical design strategy is discussed with the sliding plane sp concept. Vertical retreat open stoping vros is a variation of sublevel open stoping slos that has been introduced at cannington to minimise the influence of. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave. There are different variations of the method depending on the shape of the orebody. The orebody is developed first by a series of sublevel drifts above the main haulage level. Sublevel stopingunderground mining methods slideshare. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method.
The objective here is to present a design methodology applicable to sublevel open stoping, but also to. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. Sublevel open stoping is a highly mechanized mining method utilizing a wide range of equipment for drilling and mucking. It is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method.
Sublevel stoping is one of the most useful underground mining methods in steeply dipping hardrock ore bodies. Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress. Underground mining methods engineering fundamentals and. The shape factor is related to the geometry of the wall.
Pdf sublevel stoping underground mining methods researchgate. Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. In this method, the ore is excavated in open stopes, retreating from one end of the stope toward the other. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. Herein mining method existence of a high plunge length in the ore body is essential. The second half of the name derives from the caving of the hanging wall and. Sublevel caving can be used in orebodies with very different properties and is an easy method to mechanize. This method usually is applied to strong ore bodies that require minimal support and are surrounded by strong country rock. Sublevel stoping is a commonly used method in large scale mining. Miners are not required to work on top of any broken ore or unsupported ground and the advancement process of the method requires retreating from mined out areas. This method is normally used in massive, steeplydipping orebodies with considerable strike length, and usually has a high amount of dilution and low recoveries.
Sublevel stoping sls is often regarded as a mining method for steeply dipping deposits in competent rock. Sublevel stoping method in brief sublevel stoping is one of the most useful underground mining methods in steeply dipping hardrock ore bodies. Several tools, has been created to predict the rock mass behaviour, one of them is the empirical stability graph method developed by mathews1 based on the shape factor, s, and the stability number, n. Shrinkage stoping was a common and important method in the days when few. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping download. It finds application only when it is necessary to mine a lens of good ore below a level and it is not practicable or financially possible to do the. Sublevel stoping accounts for more than 60% of all. Black diamond drilling services australia database. It sometimes is referred to as longhole or blasthole stoping. Stoping is used when the country rock is sufficiently strong not to collapse into the stope, although in most cases artificial support is also provided the earliest forms of stoping were conducted with hand tools or by firesetting.
Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. For sublevel stoping the ore body and walls should be strong enough to support open stoping. Pdf economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel. Thus sublevel caving is usually used to mine lowgrade, lowvalue orebodies. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used. The first full work on one of many crucial underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics in response to the normal sublevel stoping course of utilized by most mining houses, throughout which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a selected mining method, gear availability, and work strain experience.
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